NEDD4

The neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4) family, belonging to HECT class of E3 ubiquitin ligases can recognize different substrate proteins, including PTEN, ENaC, Nav1.5, SMAD2, PARP1, Septin4, ALK1, SERCA2a, TGFβR3 and so on, via the WW domain to catalyze ubiquitination, thus participating in multiple cardiovascular-related disease such as hypertension, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiotoxicity, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, cardiac remodeling, atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension and heart valve disease. NEDD4 family contains nine members in humans: NEDD4-1 (RPF1), NEDD4L (NEDD4-2), ITCH/atropine-1 interaction protein 4 (AIP4), WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (WWP1), WWP2/Atropine-1-interacting protein 2 (AIP2), NEDL1 (HECW1), NEDL2 (HECW2), SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (SMURF1) and SMURF2^[1].